Average customer rating:
|
The Architectural Plates from the "Encyclopedie" (Dover Pictorial Archive)
Denis Diderot
Manufacturer: Dover Publications
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
History
| Subjects
| Books
| Africa
| Americas
| Ancient
| Arctic & Antarctica
| Asia
| Australia & Oceania
| Books on CD
| Books on Cassette
| Europe
| Gay & Lesbian
| Historical Study
| Large Print
| Middle East
| Military
| Military Science
| Russia
| United States
| World
General
| Architecture
| Professional & Technical
| Subjects
| Books
Reference
| Architecture
| Professional & Technical
| Subjects
| Books
General
| History & Periods
| Architecture
| Professional & Technical
| Subjects
| Books
Clip Art
| Graphic Design
| Design & Decorative Arts
| Arts & Photography
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Arts & Photography
| Subjects
| Books
Similar Items:
-
A Diderot Pictorial Encyclopedia of Trades and Industry, Vol. 1 (Dover Pictorial Archive Series)
-
Pictorial Encyclopedia of Historic Architectural Plans, Details and Elements: With 1880 Line Drawings of Arches, Domes, Doorways, Facades, Gables, Windows, etc. (Dover Books on Architecture)
-
Heck's Pictorial Archive of Art and Architecture (Dover Pictorial Archive Series)
-
Empire Style Designs and Ornaments (Dover Pictorial Archives)
-
Harter's Picture Archive for Collage and Illustration (Dover Pictorial Archive Series)
ASIN: 0486279545 |
Book Description
From Diderot's monumental illustrated record of 18th-century European arts and sciences: elegant renderings of architectural landmarks; drawings and plans for windmills, bridges and boats; renderings of palatial interiors and furnishings; elevations and floor plans for many well-known European theaters; scenes of 18th-century craftsmen at work in the building trades; and much more.
Average customer rating:
|
A personal guide to W. (Bill) Alexander's The magic of oil painting
W. (Bill) Alexander
Manufacturer: KOCE-TV Foundation
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Unknown Binding
General
| Painting
| Arts & Photography
| Subjects
| Books
Painting
| Instructional & How-To
| Arts & Photography
| Subjects
| Books
Alexander Technique
| Exercise & Fitness
| Health, Mind & Body
| Subjects
| Books
Accessories:
-
Tanita BC533 Glass Innerscan Body Composition Monitor
ASIN: B0006XRLO4 |
Average customer rating:
|
More magic methods in oil
Lynne Pittard
Manufacturer: Graphics Plus
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Unknown Binding
General
| Painting
| Arts & Photography
| Subjects
| Books
Painting
| Instructional & How-To
| Arts & Photography
| Subjects
| Books
ASIN: B000721ELK |
Average customer rating:
|
A Personal Guide to W. (Bill) Alexander's The Magic of Oil Painting III
W Alexander
Manufacturer: KOCE-TV Foundation
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
General
| Painting
| Arts & Photography
| Subjects
| Books
Painting
| Instructional & How-To
| Arts & Photography
| Subjects
| Books
Alexander Technique
| Exercise & Fitness
| Health, Mind & Body
| Subjects
| Books
Similar Items:
-
The Art of Bill Alexander and Lowell Speers Series 1 (wet on wet technique of oil painting, Series One)
-
The Alexander Collection (Featuring Four Landscape Projects by Bill Alexander)
-
The Art of Bill Alexander & Buck Paulson Series 16 (Wet on Wet Technique of Oil Painting, Series 16)
-
Best of the Joy of Painting
Accessories:
-
Tanita BC533 Glass Innerscan Body Composition Monitor
ASIN: B0006YE4NE |
Average customer rating:
|
A personal guide to W. (Bill) Alexander's The magic of oil painting II
W. (Bill) Alexander
Manufacturer: KOCE-TV Foundation
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Unknown Binding
General
| Painting
| Arts & Photography
| Subjects
| Books
Painting
| Instructional & How-To
| Arts & Photography
| Subjects
| Books
Alexander Technique
| Exercise & Fitness
| Health, Mind & Body
| Subjects
| Books
Similar Items:
-
A Personal Guide to W. (Bill) Alexander's The Magic of Oil Painting III
Accessories:
-
Tanita BC533 Glass Innerscan Body Composition Monitor
ASIN: B0006XQPQO |
Average customer rating:
|
The Magic of Oil Painting with Buck Paulson Series 3 (Features 13 easy to paint projects with step by step instructions)
Manufacturer: Alexander Art
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
Similar Items:
-
The Art of Bill Alexander & Buck Paulson Series 15 (Wet on Wet technique of Oil Painting)
-
The Art of Bill Alexander & Buck Paulson Series 16 (Wet on Wet Technique of Oil Painting, Series 16)
-
The Art of Bill Alexander & Buck Paulson Series19
-
The Art of Bill Alexander & Buck Paulson Series18
-
The Art of Bill Alexander & Buck Paulson Series17
ASIN: B000BL47RA |
Average customer rating:
|
The Magic of Oil Painting
Manufacturer: Foster
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000FAAXXO |
Average customer rating:
|
The magic of Oil Painting
W. Alexander
Manufacturer: Walter Foster
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000VM34AA |
Average customer rating:
|
The Magic of Oil Painting #162
W. Alexander
Manufacturer: Tustin CA Walter T. Foster Publication 1987.
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000LTY94S |
Average customer rating:
|
The Magic of Oil Painting #162
W. ALEXANDER
Manufacturer: WALTER FOSTER
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000UYCQ7Q |
Product Description
UNDATED 38 PP FOSTER OVERSIZE ART SOFTCVR, #162
Average customer rating:
|
The Magic of Oil Painting (162)
Manufacturer: Foster Art Service, Inc.
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000CS605Y |
Product Description
"How to Draw" Art Books. Number 162.
Average customer rating:
- Just like being there - only without the mosquitos!
- Beautiful Book
|
Mexico, a higher vision: An aerial journey from past to present
Michael Calderwood
Manufacturer: ALTI
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover
History
| Subjects
| Books
| Africa
| Americas
| Ancient
| Arctic & Antarctica
| Asia
| Australia & Oceania
| Books on CD
| Books on Cassette
| Europe
| Gay & Lesbian
| Historical Study
| Large Print
| Middle East
| Military
| Military Science
| Russia
| United States
| World
General
| Photography
| Arts & Photography
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Mexico
| Latin America
| Travel
| Subjects
| Books
North America
| Travel
| Subjects
| Books
ASIN: 0962539953 |
Book Description
Most beautiful book ever about Mexico. 150 aerial color photos. 145,000 sold.
Customer Reviews:
Just like being there - only without the mosquitos!.......2002-06-27
Wow. The photos of this book are really great. As the wife of a Mexican, we had to have a book of photos from Mexico - to reminisce and to see places that we haven't yet visited. We searched for the perfect book - and this is it. All color photos, artistically captured, exclusively of the countryside are in this book. All of the major regions of Mexico are featured. If you haven't been to Mexico, this is a preview to the wonders that await you, and if you are missing Mexico, then this will bring a smile to your face.
Beautiful Book.......2000-02-29
Mexico: A higher vision, is a book for all people. Whether or not you have been to Mexico the photographs alone are astonishing. The book portrays a beautiful country giving writen details about different sections of the country along with some historical facts and myths. For those who have been there it is a sweet reminder of the culture. From the past to the present. It gives photos of the old and the new and how they mix together. Definately a must have.
Average customer rating:
|
Mexico, A Higher Vision: An Aerial Journey from Past to Present
Carlos; Introduction Fuentes
Manufacturer: Alti
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover
ASIN: B000KX2MS0 |
Average customer rating:
|
Tintin En El Pais del Oro Negro - Tapa Dura
Herge
Manufacturer: Juventud
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover
TinTin
| Humorous
| Series
| Children's Books
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Comic Strips
| Comics & Graphic Novels
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Comics & Graphic Novels
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Tiras Cómicas
| Revistas Cómicas y Novelas Gráficas
| Libros en español
| Formats
| Books
General
| Revistas Cómicas y Novelas Gráficas
| Libros en español
| Formats
| Books
Personajes de Libro
| Personajes Populares
| Infantil y juvenil
| Libros en español
| Formats
| Books
| Anastasia
| Babar
| Barbie
| Los Osos Berenstain
| Maisy
Tin Tin
| Comicidad
| Series
| Infantil y juvenil
| Libros en español
| Formats
| Books
ASIN: 8426102786 |
Average customer rating:
|
Internet En Las Organizaciones Modernas
Mauricio Ruiz Valdivieso
Manufacturer: Alfaomega Grupo Editor
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
MIS
| Industries & Professions
| Business & Investing
| Subjects
| Books
Spanish
| Foreign Language Nonfiction
| Nonfiction
| Subjects
| Books
MIS
| Industrias y Profesiones
| Negocios e inversiones
| Libros en español
| Formats
| Books
Gestión & Liderazgo
| Negocios e inversiones
| Libros en español
| Formats
| Books
| Control de Calidad
| Gestión
| Liderazgo
| Motivacional
| Negociación
| Producción y Operaciones
| Sistemas y Planificación
No-Ficción
| Libros en español
| Formats
| Books
| Automotriz
| Ciencias Sociales
| Crimen y Criminales
| Educación
| Estudios de la Mujer
| Feriados
| Filosofía
| Gobierno
| Hechos Verídicos
| Planeamiento Urbano y Desarrollo
| Política
| Sucesos de Actualidad
| Transportación
Dirección Comercial
| Profesional y Técnico
| Libros en español
| Formats
| Books
ASIN: 9586823601 |
Average customer rating:
|
Certified Business Manager Exam Preparation Guide, Part 2, Vol. 3: Theory for Functional Areas
Thomson South-Western
Manufacturer: South-Western Educational Pub
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
General
| Real Estate
| Business & Investing
| Subjects
| Books
Training
| Management & Leadership
| Business & Investing
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Education
| Nonfiction
| Subjects
| Books
Pedagogy
| Education
| Nonfiction
| Subjects
| Books
Instruction Method
| Education
| Nonfiction
| Subjects
| Books
| Alternative
| General
| Individualized
| Open
Professional
| Test Guides - Graduate & Professional
| Education
| Reference
| Subjects
| Books
All Titles
| Qualifying Textbooks - Fall 2007
| Stores
| Books
Business & Investing
| Qualifying Textbooks - Fall 2007
| Stores
| Books
Nonfiction
| Qualifying Textbooks - Fall 2007
| Stores
| Books
Reference
| Qualifying Textbooks - Fall 2007
| Stores
| Books
Similar Items:
-
Certified Business Manager Exam Preparation Guide, Part 3, Vol. 5: Theory for Integrated Areas
-
Certified Business Manager Exam Preparation Guide, Part 1, Vol. 1: Theory for Core Areas
-
Certified Business Manager Exam Preparation Guide, Part 3, Vol. 6: Practice for Integrated Areas
-
Certified Business Manager Exam Preparation Guide, Part 2, Vol. 4: Practice for Functional Areas
-
Certified Business Manager Exam Preparation Guide, Part 1, Vol. 2: Practice for Core Areas
ASIN: 0324273274 |
Book Description
The CBM is the only generalists' certification designed for all business specialists and is the most integrated exam available in the business management field. The CBM is to a business manager as the CPA is to an accountant as the CFA is to an investment analyst. Finally, there is one source to help you streamline CBM exam preparation efforts to achieve success! The CBM Exam (www.cbmexam.com) consists of three parts-- Part 1: Core Areas, Part 2: Functional Areas, Part 3: Integrated Areas. Preparation for each part of the exam is covered in two volumes providing you with a thorough review of both theory and practice for success on the exam. Volume 3 provides review of the theory essential for successful business application in functional areas. Volume 4 (ISBN: 0-324-27326-6) delivers highly-focused self-assessment practice for Part 2 of the CBM Exam.
Average customer rating:
|
Dadlands: The Alternative Handbook for New Fathers
Daniel Blythe
Manufacturer: Capstone
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
General
| Humor
| Entertainment
| Subjects
| Books
Parenting & Families
| Humor
| Entertainment
| Subjects
| Books
Fatherhood
| Family Relationships
| Parenting & Families
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Parenting
| Parenting & Families
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Parenting & Families
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Health, Mind & Body
| Subjects
| Books
All Amazon Upgrade
| Amazon Upgrade
| Stores
| Books
Entertainment
| Amazon Upgrade
| Stores
| Books
Health, Mind & Body
| Amazon Upgrade
| Stores
| Books
Parenting & Families
| Amazon Upgrade
| Stores
| Books
Accessories:
-
Health o Meter HDC100-01 "Grow with Me" Teddy Bear Scale for Babies and Toddlers
ASIN: 1841126799 |
Book Description
A baby has arrived. Now, your life is nothing but midnight feeds, crying, screaming and incontinence. And that’s just you.
But help is at hand with
Dadlands. The author, a father of two, explores the secrets, hints, dodges and wheezes of being a first-time dad – and not having a nervous breakdown in the process.
Read up on the best way to swear in front of toddlers, the perplexing variety of baby meals (just who invented Chicken Tikka Masala for 8-month-olds?) and the secrets of Toy Decommissioning. Learn the best tips for getting out of children’s parties. See what happens if you call your child Chardonnay, and learn how to barge your way through a crowd with a pushchair. Find out why your kids need to come last in the egg-and-spoon race… and answer all those odd questions from non-parents who just don’t understand.
The ultimate antidote to all those worthy-but-dull parenting manuals,
Dadlands finally tells it all like it is – the trials and tribulations of the first five years, from labour ward to Reception class.
This book won’t guarantee you’ll become a Superdad, but it ought to help you have a lot of fun trying. An ideal book for all new fathers, fathers-to-be and their long-suffering partners.
Average customer rating:
- Useful history of the Veteran's Movement
- Engrossing book despite some notable flaws
- At Times We Veterans Were Our Own Worst Enemy
- First rate
- consiring to commit assassinations
|
Home to War: A History of the Vietnam Veterans' Movement
Gerald Nicosia
Manufacturer: Carroll & Graf
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
General
| Military
| History
| Subjects
| Books
Vietnam War
| Military
| History
| Subjects
| Books
Military Science
| History
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Vietnam
| Asia
| History
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Sociology
| Social Sciences
| Nonfiction
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Science
| Subjects
| Books
History of Technology
| Technology
| Science
| Subjects
| Books
Similar Items:
-
The Turning: A History of Vietnam Veterans Against the War
-
The New Winter Soldiers: GI and Veteran Dissent During the Vietnam Era (Perspectives in the Sixties) (Perspectives in the Sixties)
-
Soldiers In Revolt: GI Resistance During The Vietnam War
-
My Life with Benjamin Franklin
-
Telltale Hearts: The Origins and Impact of the Vietnam Anti-War Movement
ASIN: 0786714034 |
Book Description
As a new generation comes of age, Home to War presents a vivid portrait of American soldiers who faced rejection by the nation in whose name they fought, and virtual abandonment by the government that sent them to risk their lives. In spite of formidable obstacles, these young Vietnam veterans joined together and committed themselves to heroic battles on the home front, from their unsung role in the antiwar movement to their unflagging campaign for medical help and compensation. There is Jan Barry, a disillusioned former West Point cadet who founded Vietnam Veterans Against the War, an organization that would become a beacon of hope for returning vets; Al Hubbard, a charismatic former Black Panther who led thousands of angry veterans to the steps of the Capitol to protest the war and the government's shabby treatment of its veterans; Ron Kovic, whose outrageousand courageousstunts, uncensored comments, and provocative politics drew needed attention to the cause; and many others whose inspiring struggles served themselves, their fellow soldiers, and their country. Encompassing some thirty years of activism, readjustment, and healing, Home to War is a fitting tribute to the unbreakable courage, idealism, and decades-long endurance of this generation of American soldiers.
Customer Reviews:
Useful history of the Veteran's Movement.......2005-05-08
This book offers a comprehensive view of the veterans movement, giving very detailed accounts of the forces that helped swing public opinion, force acceptance of PTSD, and began the investigation into the effects of agent orange. While some of the events are detailed far beyond their impact, this book presents a human face on the leaders of the movement.
Engrossing book despite some notable flaws.......2005-01-30
Nicosia provides a history of the Vietnam war veterans movements, particularly those concerned with ending the War. The reviewer who was surprised by the "leftward" tilt either didn't read the book cover, any of the published reviews or the book, itself.
The book has several significant flaws, which I'll get out of the way first. Like seemingly most contemporary nonfiction, it could have used assertive editing. The chronology of events in the book gets confusing particularly during the last third of the book, where one lurches back and forth in time and it's easy to lose track of where various people fit and how their actions are linked across time. A better organized text probably could have been a bit shorter. Another significant problem is that Nicosia's funding by the Vietnam Veterans of America is buried in the acknowledgments, although he appears to freely criticize the actions of that organization and its past leadership. Finally, Nicosia relies on secondary sources for his data on medical, social and psychiatric problems among Vietnam era veterans and it is unclear whether his interviews with relevant people like psychiatrist Arthur Blank would have helped in interpreting these data. As it is, correlation seems to get confused with causation and some of the data simply seem inconsistent or include studies which were well known to be "outliers". It's been said that journalists don't like numbers, unfortunately, concepts simple enough to teach in an introductory social science course seem to get by them.
Although I was too young to serve in Vietnam, I knew many who did, including some who died there. Some of them (including the dead) opposed the war but went into the military, anyway, for a variety of reasons. In my later life, I knew people who had been active in the antiwar movement. I also briefly worked in the VA system and with Vietnam vets in the Department of Defense, and later went to Vietnam as a tourist and as a consultant (under the supervision of a US Army veteran of the Vietnam War). As it happens, I've also crossed paths with a couple minor figures in the book, who played significant roles in the veterans peace movement (although I hadn't known about that part of their lives). So, despite my age and lack of service, the book deals with a world that is very real to me. I can recall the skepticism of claims about PTSD by VA clinicans (ditto the skepticism about Gulf War syndrome) and can easily identify with many of the controversies here. Despite my own work, my visits to Vietnam and my extensive past reading on the subject, I was moved anew by the stories of returning vets, what they had seen in Vietnam, and what they experienced in the US.
On a less personal and more journalistic/historical level, the book vividly describes the political schisms in the antiwar movement: veteran-related and otherwise. Despite Nicosia's obvious passsions, he recognizes shortcomings and destructive actions of many in the movement. For those of us who recall the stereotype of the "crazed" Vietnam Vet, he vividly describes how this evolved from slow emergence of PTSD and the various public faces of stressed and strung out veterans, as well as the grassroots efforts to address Veterans' needs. Nicosia also describes the courage and tenacity of veterans who worked tirelssly as advocates and as service providers to their peers. He points out the legislative contributions of Vietnam Vets such as Tom Daschle and John Kerry as well as the showboating of supposed friends of veterans such as Alan Cranston and Sonny Montgomery. There are poignant parallels to our own time as Nixon cut veteran's benefits to help pay for the war. Nicosia chronicles the tensions with traditional veterans' organizations and the ways in which organizations dominated by WWII and Korean War veterans fought against efforts to address Vietnam War veterans' needs, in part to protect their own entitlements. He also describes how veterans of the different wars began to come together over time and how one-time protesters like Kerry built bridges to more conservative politicans for the benefit of Vietnam vets. The book, thankfully, does not get bogged down in subjects that have been extensively treated elsewhere like Watergate's Vietnam-related events (e.g., the Ellsberg burglary) and the drama surrounding the Vietnam War memorial. OTOH, people unfamiliar with SDS, Another Mother for Peace (an organization where tv mom and ex-Republican Donna Reed, played a role) the Weathermen, etc. would benefit from a little more description of these organizations. One activist who plays an interesting role here is Jane Fonda, who seemed to take a genuine interest in the veterans concerns. Perhaps it was a penance for her reign as "Hanoi Jane" or maybe something else. I hadn't been aware of that side of her and the book contains enough little surprises like this to interest even the well read reader and overcome the shortcomings of the book.
At Times We Veterans Were Our Own Worst Enemy.......2004-12-15
Well researched and documented book regarding the struggles and victories, mostly minor very few major, experienced by Viet Nam Veterans as they returned and attempted assimilation into the greater society. Describes in detail the politics that confronted them, the sham that was or may still be the Veterans Administration and other government agencies who all seemed to be operating in denial during the era. Must reading for all Viet Nam Era Veterans to understand and gain an appreciation for those who continued to fight for us on the home front not only to end the war but to be properly compensated by a government and politicians who would not accept responsibility for their actions of sending us to war.
First rate.......2004-06-01
Nicosia's book is an excellent piece of research, and provides insight into an historically importatnt time.
Maybe in his next edition, he will include some of the findings from the extensive files the FBI kept on VVAW, and lay to rest some of the urban legends being spread even by at least one reviewer here.
For instance, the VVAW "meeting" in Kansas City was actually a series of meetings over a four day period. Neither the participants nor the FBI files show Kerry present at any meeting where "assassinations" were discussed in any form. In fact, the FBI informants do not mention any such discussion at all, much less a vote. By all accounts of those there, one individual stood up and started riffing, and once people realized he wasn't joking, he was shouted down. As Nicosia points out time and again, nonviolence was an underlying principle of VVAW.
Even the FBI concluded that Kerry was in no way associated with any sort of violent activity or discussion, ever.
Nicosia is a myth-buster. He has his hands full in this election year.
consiring to commit assassinations.......2004-03-20
I am one of the Vietnam veterans referred to on page 217, the ones that didn't agree with anything the VVAW had to say.Someone wrote in their revue " the myth of civilian disrespect to the soldiers during this period of time", I would have to say it felt quite real to me. The only reason I checked this book out of my local library was to confirm a couple of things about John Kerry and the VVAW. All my questions were answered either by the book or by a recent interview with Gerald Nicosia. The first was that the other members of VVAW felt that John Kerry was just using the organization to gain public notoriety to help him with his political career. The second was that he was at the november 1971 meeting. This is when the anti war VVAW considered assassination of pro war Senators. Simply amazing!
Average customer rating:
|
Home to War: a history of the Vietnam Veteran's Movement
Gerald Nicosia
Manufacturer: Crown
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover
ASIN: B000O6KOEM |
Average customer rating:
|
HOME To WAR. A History of the Vietnam Veterans' Movement.
Gerald. Nicosia
Manufacturer: Crown Publishers,
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover
ASIN: B000NYP29C |
Average customer rating:
- A detailed portrait of Jewish life during Ottoman rule
|
Jewish Life Under Islam: Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century
Amnon Cohen
Manufacturer: Harvard Univ Pr
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover
Asia
| History
| Subjects
| Books
| Afghanistan
| Armenia
| Bangladesh
| Belarus
| Bhutan
| Brunei
| Cambodia
| Central Asia
| China
| Far East
| General
| Georgia
| Hong Kong
| India
| Indonesia
| Japan
| Korea
| Laos
| Malaysia
| Maldives
| Mauritius
| Mongolia
| Myanmar
| Nepal
| Pakistan
| Philippines
| Russia
| Seychelles
| Singapore
| South Asia
| Southeast Asia
| Sri Lanka
| Taiwan
| Thailand
| Tibet
| Turkey
| Vietnam
General
| Jewish
| World
| History
| Subjects
| Books
General
| World
| History
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Middle East
| History
| Subjects
| Books
Israel
| Middle East
| History
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Religion & Spirituality
| Subjects
| Books
ASIN: 0674474368 |
Customer Reviews:
A detailed portrait of Jewish life during Ottoman rule.......2006-03-26
In the preface to Jewish Life under Islam: Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century, Amnon Cohen admits that his decision to study Jerusalem's Jewish community was "the result of an arbitrary choice" (viii). However, Cohen's efforts are not without purpose-while there have been extensive studies on Jerusalem's Muslims, little has been written about its minority communities. By examining the life of the city's Jewish citizens, Cohen sought to fill this void by presenting a more complete history of Jerusalem's inhabitants. Cohen has rightly chosen to begin his study of Jewish life in Jerusalem with the Ottoman conquest of Palestine and the Middle East. This is because not only was the sixteenth century a time of great political upheaval, but under the reigns of Selim the First and Suleiman the magnificent, it was also the golden era of the Ottoman Empire. The book concludes at the beginning of the seventeenth century because by then the trends affecting Jerusalem's Jews had assumed the form and direction they would take in later years. Indeed, Cohen goes so far as to write that the concerns and norms of Jewish life in Jerusalem, which were established during the sixteenth century, have remained essentially unchanged until today (ix).
Traditionally, studies on minority groups within the Ottoman Empire have drawn upon the relatively few Arab chronicles and Muslim biographies that are available. This, however, is problematic because such sources "transmit inside information in the words of people describing their own society," and consequently tend to convey a biased description with details "adapted to fit the author's purposes" (x). Furthermore, there is much reason to doubt the credibility and even originality of such sources, since "their authors necessarily had to draw upon the words of others, or rely on their own powers of intervention" (x). Cohen avoids these problems by using the heretofore-untapped sijill volumes (records of daily proceedings and judgements) of the Muslim court in Jerusalem. These records are important even though Christians and Jews maintained their own judicial systems. This is because by being a "part of the society and economy of the Muslim state," the Christians and Jews "were bound by many of the orders and decisions issued by the Muslim court" (xi). Consequently, Amnon Cohen turned to the court records for contemporary descriptions of incidents, events, and problems, becoming the first Jew and Israeli to be granted permission by the Muslim Council in Jerusalem to conduct research within its archives. Using the perfectly preserved and undamaged records, Cohen has constructed a fascinating and rich tapestry of Jewish life under Islam-something that had never been done before.
A fundamental proposition throughout Cohen's book is that "an autonomous Jewish life was carried on in Ottoman Jerusalem under the protection of, and even encouraged by, the Muslim rulers from the time they rose to power" (225). It is no wonder then that throughout the first half of the sixteenth century, the Jews were the second-largest community in Jerusalem (3). Furthermore, Cohen effectively demonstrates that the millet system did not exist for the Jews or for any of the Christian communities in sixteenth century Jerusalem. Addressing his questions about communal and sectarian organization, Cohen concludes that the Ottoman Empire maintained "no centralized system whereby all its Jewish communities were subject to a single authority such as a chief rabbi or other functionary" (5). Yet Cohen claims there were certain aspects of Jewish communal life such as internal taxes, a system of mutual assistance, or regulations and covenants, which can simply be "assumed to have existed" (8). While this may be true, Cohen undermines himself by going on to state that there is no evidence for such an assumption in the court descriptions or other contemporary sources. The Jews were regarded as one community because of their status as "protected people" or ahl al-dhimma (1). While the authorities subdivided Christians into Greek Orthodox, Armenians, and Copts, this was not the case with the Jews. The clearest expression of this view of the Jews as a single community was the way the jizya tax was collected-whereas the Christians were required to pay according to their sectarian divisions, the Jews were taxed as a single entity (8).
Ascertaining the population of cities in the Middle East has always been a difficult task for scholars. Although the Ottoman government conducted numerous population and land surveys for purposes of taxation (as aforementioned), this was not census taking in the modern sense, as only family units or households were counted (13). Nonetheless, Cohen has dedicated an entire chapter focusing on the population of the Jewish community in Jerusalem. Because of the Ottoman method of counting and recording family units, one must multiply these numbers by a given coefficient in order to arrive at a reasonable quantitative estimate. Cohen uses six, "a high average which tends to give rather round numbers," while making "allowance for the percentage appended to the calculations of some scholars who used lower figures but added a margin for error" (17). While there certainly might have been large families within the Jewish community of Jerusalem, Cohen's explanation for his choice of six as a coefficient is not only unconvincing, but also quite arbitrary. Furthermore, although the poll tax was collected from the Jewish community at the lowest rate, many Jews left Jerusalem as the Ottoman officials conducted their surveys, while community leaders paid the tax collectors to compromise over lower population figures (35). Taken collectively, all these facts diminish the credibility of Cohen's figures.
Despite the preference of the Ottomans to tax the Jews as a single entity, the community was actually quite heterogeneous. Jews were settled throughout the city in subgroups according to tradition, country, and even city of origin. Yet once again, to deal with the Jews on various issues of interest to both rulers and subjects, the Ottomans appointed a single spokesman for the entire community. The shaykh al-yahud was appointed by the kadi of Jerusalem and was entrusted with the collection of the jizya tax from the community, overseeing the purchase and selling of grain, the production of cheese, baking of bread, the ritual slaughter, and even the proper functioning of the synagogues (38). This system resulted in a kind of autonomy amongst the Jews whereby the local government would adopt the recommendations submitted to it and did not interfere in the internal management of the Jewish community. The leaders reciprocated this freedom by cooperating with and conducting their affairs through the government's representatives (57). Although the rulers recognized this autonomous structure of the community and allowed it to manage its own affairs within limits, there still "was no relationship between the heads of Jerusalem's Jewish community and the communities of other cities elsewhere in the empire" (57).
In the chapter on social and judicial status, Cohen writes that Jerusalem's Jewish community had an independent legal system headed by rabbis who functioned within the Jewish framework and in accordance with traditional Jewish legal tenets (110). Nevertheless, there were times when Jews appealed to the authority of Muslim courts, even in private matters such as marriage and divorce (which were forbidden from being presented to gentile authorities according to Jewish law). Indeed, many Jews came voluntarily to the Muslim kadi for rulings, even in matters that concerned only Jews. Cohen provides examples of civil suits in which Jews brought other Jews to court over petty affairs and criminal charges, and even on claims dealing with movable property and real estate. This was because they "viewed the court as an important part of the fibre of personal and community life," not because they considered the Jewish courts ineffectual or inferior (119). Furthermore, the Jewish community had every reason to trust the Muslim courts because "greater weight was often attributed to the testimony of Jews than that of Muslims, not only in actions of Jew against Jew, but also of Jew against Muslim, or Muslim against Christian" (121). Thus, the Jews of Jerusalem lived in relative peace amongst Muslims, and their differences were tolerated, provided they "did nothing to offend Muslims or Islam" (72). Moreover, although there were practical attractions for converting to Islam (including an improvement in rank and prestige), conversion surprisingly remained a marginal phenomenon, to the extent that it had "no influence on the life and conduct of the Jewish community in Jerusalem" (76).
The last (and by far the longest) chapter of Cohen's work is dedicated to Jewish economic activity in Jerusalem. Cohen argues that the Jews did not suffer any real discrimination arising from the jizya because it was not burdensome for the community (and they paid the lowest rate). Furthermore, testimony, documents, suits, and charges brought by the Jews in courts were accepted as equal before the law. Unlike other Palestinian towns, the Jews were not segregated into quarters, but dwelled in Muslim neighbourhoods. In addition, Cohen illustrates in extraordinary detail how the Jews were represented in a wide range of occupations, including (but not limited to) bureaucrats, butchers and slaughterers (described in thirteen pages), shoemakers, tanners, jewellers, physicians, spice and cloth merchants, wine and cheese makers, and millers and bakers. Cohen concludes that contrary to rabbinical descriptions and other more traditional sources, many Jews were "persons of means" and owned considerable wealth (214). In fact, the economic pre-eminence of the Jews exceeded their proportion of the city's population. For example, although the number of Jewish moneychangers was not large, when new coins were sent to Jerusalem to be put into circulation, "the Jewish moneychangers received fewer than the Muslims but much more than the Christians, and on a scale that bore no relation to their numerical representation within the general population" (219).
Ultimately, Cohen's most remarkable achievement is his exemplary ability to utilize Muslim sources to paint such a detailed portrait of Jewish life in Jerusalem. In doing so, he proves that the Jews of Jerusalem were more than a religious minority-they constituted a vital and constructive element in the economy of the city and that of the country as a whole. Using a wide variety of examples drawn directly from the sijill records, Cohen confirms that the Jews were not isolated but had extensive dealings with Muslims and Christians alike. These valuable and compelling insights make Cohen's book an extremely important contribution to Jewish history. But most importantly, Cohen ends previous stereotypes about Jewish life under Islam, proving that "Jews could survive, develop, and sometimes even prosper within Muslim society and under the aegis of Muslim rule" (225).
Average customer rating:
|
Birds of the Mediterranean: A Photographic Guide (Photographic Guides (Yale University Press))
Paul Sterry
Manufacturer: Yale University Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
General
| Nature & Ecology
| Science
| Subjects
| Books
General
| Birdwatching
| Outdoors & Nature
| Subjects
| Books
Reference
| Outdoors & Nature
| Subjects
| Books
Look Inside Outdoors & Nature Books
| Trip
| Specialty Stores
| Books
Look Inside Science Books
| Trip
| Specialty Stores
| Books
Similar Items:
-
The Complete Guide to the Birds of Europe
-
Collins Bird Guide
-
Birds of Europe
-
Where to Watch Birds in Europe and Russia
-
A Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe
ASIN: 0300103603 |
Book Description
The Mediterranean is remarkably rich with birds, not only because of the great diversity of habitats in the region but also because it provides the main flyway for most migrant breeding species of northern Europe. This stunning new photoguide encompasses all species of birds, including seabirds, found in the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea and in the adjacent areas with a Mediterranean climate. Featuring nearly 1,000 beautiful color photographs, many of which were taken for this volume, the book presents illustrations and concise accounts of each species. The pocket-sized photoguide is convenient, up-to-date, and accurate. Through the extensive use of digital software to enhance the photographs, the book enables readers to compare similar species easily and to view far more plumage variations than ever before. Armchair travelers, birders in the field, and holiday visitors alike will find this book both delightful and useful.
Books:
- The Architectural Theory of Viollet-le-Duc: Readings and Commentaries
- The Architecture of the Roman Empire: An Urban Appraisal (Yale Publications in the History of Art)
- The Art of 3-D : Computer Animation and Imaging, 2nd Edition
- The Birth of City Planning in the United States, 1840--1917 (Creating the North American Landscape)
- The Chicago Tribune Tower Competition: Skyscraper Design and Cultural Change in the 1920s
- The Doors of San Miguel De Allende
- The Glory of the English House: One Hundred Architectural Masterpieces
- The Goddess Home Style Guide: Divine Interiors Inspired by Aphrodite, Athena, Atemis, Demeter, Hera, Hestia, and Persephone
- The Hudson Valley Dutch and Their Houses
- The Prairie School: Frank Lloyd Wright and His Midwest Contemporaries
Books Index
Books Home
Recommended Books
- Where the Wild Things Are
- The Spirit of Notre Dame: Legends, Traditions, and Inspiration from One of America#s Most Beloved Un
- Structure and Action Protein
- The Metal-Hydrogen System
- The Elegant Solution: Toyota's Formula for Mastering Innovation
- The Secret
- The Official Book of the Dalmatian: Akc Rank 15
- The Art of Fashion Draping
- Surface Consciousness
- Hyssop