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A Theory of the Firm: Governance, Residual Claims, and Organizational Forms
Michael C. Jensen Manufacturer: Harvard University Press ProductGroup: Book Binding: Paperback Similar Items:
ASIN: 0674012291 |
Book Description
This collection examines the forces, both external and internal, that lead corporations to behave efficiently and to create wealth. Corporations vest control rights in shareholders, the author argues, because they are the constituency that bear business risk and therefore have the appropriate incentives to maximize corporate value. Assigning control to any other group would be tantamount to allowing that group to play poker with someone else's money, and would create inefficiencies. The implicit denial of this proposition is the fallacy of the so-called stakeholder theory of the corporation, which argues that corporations should be run in the interests of all stakeholders. This theory offers no account of how conflicts between different stakeholders are to be resolved, and gives managers no principle on which to base decisions, except to follow their own preferences.
In practice, shareholders delegate their control rights to a board of directors, who hire, fire, and set the compensation of the chief officers of the firm. However, because agents have different incentives than the principals they represent, they can destroy corporate value unless closely monitored. This happened in the 1960s and led to hostile takeovers in the market for corporate control in the 1970s and 1980s. The author argues that the takeover movement generated increases in corporate efficiency that exceeded $1.5 trillion and helped to lay the foundation for the great economic boom of the 1990s.
Customer Reviews:
Interesting & Ideological.......2007-10-01
The elegant theory of the firm.......2002-11-17
A Modern Theory of the Firm?.......2001-08-23
It is aimed specifically at research scholars in financial economics, strategic management, organizational theory, and public policy. Because it is a collection, the papers tend to vary in style and technicality from impassioned advocacy (chapter 3) to general narrative (chapter 2) to formal mathematical modeling (chapter 6). Deliberately little was done to reedit the papers for flow and while this tends to give the reader mental whiplash as he tries to adjust between chapters, it maintains the integrity of the original thoughts that went into the original papers. It makes a good first book for Ph.D. students and scholars new to the field needing a quick summary of a half-century of theoretical development; and because only they would have the tenacity to plow through the formal models.
The ideas in the book are not new to scholars familiar to the field, but they do represent the theoretical cutting edge, which attests to the robustness of Prof. Jensen's ideas (chapter four was first published in 1976) or to the more cynical - a lack of theoretical advancement. Because they are brought together in one place, the book neatly presents the historical development and theoretical arguments in a way that sorting through a bunch of papers cannot.
The main point the book makes is that one cannot build a complete theory of the firm, typically encountered in traditional production models, without special consideration for the governance mechanisms that ensure the efficient deployment of resources and distribution of wealth. For example, the book demonstrates the theoretical and practical importance of knowing the identity of the firm's owner. In classical theories of the firm, owners are merely suppliers of capital, homogenously risk averse and value maximizing. The book however makes an oft-missed point in today's heady arguments over shareholder wealth maximization and corporate responsibility that all parties to the contract called The Firm have different risk preferences. For example, institutional owners may even have conflicting risk preferences, which can result in control issues such as minority oppression that do not arise in classical theory-of-the-firm formulations.
The book early on dismisses the usefulness of traditional conceptions of the firm as pure production functions. Instead, it reconstructs a theory of the firm on a positive agency theory foundation, arguing that it is the contractual relationship between the suppliers and users of capital and talent that determine what, how and when production occurs. This framework brings together the following elements: a. The importance of capital structure, i.e., debt/equity mix and types, refuting Modigliani and Miller's (1958) irrelevance hypothesis, b. The importance of governance structure, making Jensen one of the earliest to emphasize the important role of outside directors in the boardroom, c. The role of transaction specific and specialized knowledge, elevating the theoretical significance of the knowledge worker, d. The importance of the residual claimant, centralizing the shareholder, and e. The existence and nature of agency costs, which Jensen notes are inevitable between parties with asymmetric information and different preference curves.
This theoretical model is elegantly simple and yet powerful enough to deal with such diverse organizational structures as the owner-operated firm to the widely held multi-unit public corporation. It is particularly suited to theoretical modeling such topics as top management compensation, self-governing contracts, mutual monitoring at the firm and individual levels of analyses, distribution of residuals, hierarchy, and corporate takeovers.
The book also makes a credible attempt to apply agency theory, without direct reference to sociological constructs, to different organizational forms such as mutuals, partnerships, labor-managed, cooperatives, owner operated, substantially controlled, and the widely held public corporation. Chapter six is particularly interesting in this regard because it attempts to applying the theoretical framework to labor managed organizations, most commonly seen in Communist political economies. The original paper's conclusion that such systems are doomed to failure presages the collapse of the Soviet state and the ensuing adjustments toward free market systems around the world.
The seminal works of agency cost economics collected.......2001-02-20
U.S. public corporations are characterized by a separation of ownership and control: the firm's nominal owners, the shareholders, exercise virtually no control over either day to day operations or long-term policy. Instead, control is vested in the hands of professional managers, who typically own only a small portion of the firm's shares. The separation of ownership and control characteristic of U.S. corporations has costs: "The separation of ownership from control produces a condition where the interests of owner and of ultimate manager may, and often do, diverge . . . ." (Berle and Means, 1932). Modern scholars refer to the consequences of these divergences as agency costs, following Jensen and Meckling (1976), which are conventionally defined as the sum of the monitoring and bonding costs, plus any residual loss, incurred to prevent shirking by agents. In turn, shirking is conventionally defined to include as any action by a member of a production team that diverges from the interests of the team as a whole. As such, shirking includes not only culpable cheating, but also negligence, oversight, incapacity, and even honest mistakes. In other words, shirking is simply the inevitable consequence of bounded rationality and opportunism within agency relationships. The classic Jensen & Meckling article is reprinted herein.
Although agency cost theory undeniably is critical to understanding the modern corporate form, too many agency cost theorists have narrowly focused on agency costs to the exclusion of other institutional considerations, which easily can distort one's understanding. Corporate managers operate within a pervasive web of accountability mechanisms that substitute for monitoring by residual claimants. Important constraints are provided by a variety of market forces. The capital and product markets, the internal and external employment markets, and the market for corporate control all constrain shirking by firm agents. In addition, the legal system evolved various adaptive responses to the ineffectiveness of shareholder monitoring, establishing alternative accountability structures to punish and deter wrongdoing by firm agents, such as the board of directors. An even more important consideration, however, is that agency costs are the inevitable consequence of vesting discretion in someone other than the residual claimant. We could substantially reduce, if not eliminate, agency costs by eliminating discretion; that we do not do so suggests that discretion has substantial virtues. A complete theory of the firm thus requires one to balance the virtues of discretion against the need to require that discretion be used responsibly. Neither discretion nor accountability can be ignored, because both promote values essential to the survival of business organizations. Unfortunately, they are ultimately antithetical: one cannot have more of one without also having less of the other - the power to hold to account is the power to decide. Managers cannot be made more accountable without undermining their discretionary authority. Establishing the proper mix of discretion and accountability thus emerges as the central corporate governance question.
Jensen recognizes this tension in several of the articles collected here, which in general are less lex-centric than those of many of his intellectual progeny. In other words, Jensen is less likely to believe that regulation is an appropriate solution to a given problem. Instead, his work focuses on market solutions to agency cost problems. The articles on takeovers and leveraged buyouts are good examples.
Given the many virtues of Jensen's work, why have I subtracted one star? Mostly because there is nothing new here. To be sure, it is useful to have all Jensen's major agency cost articles collected in a convenient forum. And this text can remind a new generation of scholars of Jensen's early work. Yet, newcomers and generalists may find the text heavy going in places, while us old-timers have already read all of these articles in their original publications.
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Managing Impressions with Information Technology
Manufacturer: Praeger Publishers ProductGroup: Book Binding: Hardcover ASIN: 1567202373 |
Book Description
The contributors to this volume demonstrate the evolving ways in which impression management is conducted through the use of information technology. Whether consciously or unconsciously, individuals create and manage impressions of themselves when they use or interact with IT or in an IT environment. How? By managing the symbolism embedded in the technology. For example, technology is often the primary medium in interactions between a client and a work team, or virtual team, dedicated to servicing the needs of that client. The team itself may be geographically dispersed, lending a deeper layer to the management of impressions among members of the team via their use of technology, including e-mail, groupware, videoconferencing, and Intranet development. Researchers in the behavioral effects and consequences of information technology will find much of value here. This book is also of interest to information technology practitioners and professors alike who work with or study the broader organizational and individual signals, perceptions, and effects of IT-related decisions. Graduate students will find it appropriate as supplemental reading for courses on the organizational implications of IT, the behavioral effects of IT, the impact of IT on corporate strategy, and the impact of organizational design decisions.
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Wastewater Biosolids to Compost
Frank R. Spellman Manufacturer: CRC ProductGroup: Book Binding: Loose Leaf ASIN: 1566764610 |
Book Description
FROM THE INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this text is to address one small but important and significant aspect (or process) of making man-made waste disposal more earth-friendly: biosolids composting. Since 1970, much progress has been made in sewage treatment technology. Corrective actions in treating domestic and industrial wastes have advanced to the point and have been underway for a long enough period now so that today one can visit most local lakes and streams and clearly see the lake or river bottom near a shallow shoreline. This, of course, is an example of an environmental improvement that can be readily seen. This visible improvement is also a "predictor" of what the future can hold for present and future generations who respect lakes and streams, and thus the environment. Recent improvements in the water quality of streams and lakes are only a small part of the progress that has been made. Improvements in wastewater technology have also worked to improve the quality of water we use; that is, the water we drink. This last statement may seem strange to some readers. How does wastewater treatment improve the quality of potable water when we do not receive our drinking water from wastewater treatment plant effluent? Effluent from wastewater treatment plants in not normally cross-connected with their municipality's drinking water supply. Many communities draw water from streams and rivers for use in domestic potable water supplies and these same streams and rivers serve as outfalls, normally upstream, for wastewater treatment plant effluent. Communities are growing. Populations within these burgeoning communities are also growing. Along with growth in community size and in population is a corresponding growth in the need for more potable water. Thus, the stream or river that provides the water supply and serves as the outfall for wastewater treatment plant effluent is put under increasing demand for its main product: potable water. Wastewater Biosolids to Compost covers EPA 503 regulations, testing procedures, advancements in odor control, marketing the product, and composting program economics.
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Wastewater Biosolids to Compost
Frank R. Spellman Manufacturer: CRC Pr I Llc 01/1//1996 ProductGroup: Book Binding: Paperback ASIN: B000N5KBMO |
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Bioinformatics: The Machine Learning Approach, Second Edition (Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning)
Pierre Baldi , and Søren Brunak Manufacturer: The MIT Press ProductGroup: Book Binding: Hardcover Similar Items:
ASIN: 026202506X |
Book Description
An unprecedented wealth of data is being generated by genome sequencing projects and other experimental efforts to determine the structure and function of biological molecules. The demands and opportunities for interpreting these data are expanding rapidly. Bioinformatics is the development and application of computer methods for management, analysis, interpretation, and prediction, as well as for the design of experiments. Machine learning approaches (e.g., neural networks, hidden Markov models, and belief networks) are ideally suited for areas where there is a lot of data but little theory, which is the situation in molecular biology. The goal in machine learning is to extract useful information from a body of data by building good probabilistic models--and to automate the process as much as possible.Customer Reviews:
Terrible.......2006-03-16
the worst book I have ever read.......2005-11-06
Could have been a great one........2003-12-14
First, the good. The description of stochastic context free grammars is the best I've seen. I don't know any other reference that even hint at how to use generative grammars to evaluate likelihoods. Once they caught my interest, though, the authors did not carry through with training and evaluation algorithms I could really use. I suspect that parts of the information are there, but I'll have to go back over their opaque notation again to work out just what they've given and just what's been left out.
This same pattern - an interesting introduction with missing or mysterious development - recurs throughout the book. The discussion on clustering and phylogeny goes the same way: a number of techniques are mentioned but not developed. The authors mention a tree drawing problem, not just building the tree's topology, but ordering the branches for the most informative rendering. Again, a critical topic and one that most authors miss - in the end, these authors miss it, too, by mentioning but not filling in the idea.
Their discussion of neural nets suffers badly from the authors' partial presentation. Evaluation of network output for a given input is relatively straightforward, and they present it in some detail. Training the net is the real problem, though, and is given less than a page.
Baldi and Brunak give more of the fundamentals than most authors. For example, they explain the maximum entropy principle well enough that I'll use it in lots of other areas. They give some coverage to topics of intermediate complexity, such as the forward and backward algorithms for HMM training. Finally, they fizzle out at the higher levels of complexity - the Baum-Welch algorithm could have followed from the forward and backward methods, but is left as a reference to another book.
There is some good here, especially in the fundamentals behind important techniques. The discussions I wanted - the more avanced topics, in forms I can use - are often weak, missing, or impenetrable. Just a bit more work, clearly within the authors' capability, would have made this a landmark reference.
An excellent book........2001-10-23
A very bad book. A colection of references w/o explanations.......2001-09-19
I have a good programming background. I also read some papers on neural network and hidden markov models, This book is a lot worse than anything I have read in explaining the stuff. Very disappointed. Save your money and get something else.
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Opening My Wings to Fly: What Animals Have Taught Me
Tera Thomas Manufacturer: Hummingbird Farm Press ProductGroup: Book Binding: Paperback Similar Items:
ASIN: 0971090211 |
Book Description
A moving narrative of the author's journey of awakening to herself through her deep experiences with animals. Tera Thomas weaves a fascinating story of communication with other species and our profound connection to all of life. Rich, magical, life affirming, and provocative, this book will take you deep into your own connection with all living beings.Customer Reviews:
Very insightful, captivating book.......2005-06-30
BANG!.......2004-12-01
Inspirational and Intriguing.......2002-09-30
Opening My Wings To Fly: What Animals Have Taught Me.......2002-01-19
Opening My WIngs to FlY: What Animals Have Taught Me".......2001-12-22
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The Perfect Shot, North America: Shot Placement for North American Big Game
Craig Boddington Manufacturer: Safari Press ProductGroup: Book Binding: Hardcover Similar Items:
ASIN: 1571572678 |
Book Description
This book shows actual in the field photographs that visually indicate where on the animal you must shoot to get that perfect shot.Customer Reviews:
Must Read.......2007-01-16
Indispensable.......2004-11-05
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THE PERFECT SHOT, NORTH AMERICA - Shot Placement for North American Big Game
Boddington C. & O'Keefe L. (illustrator) Manufacturer: Safari Press ProductGroup: Book Binding: Hardcover ASIN: B000K802I2 |
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The Rough Guide to Thai Dictionary Phrasebook 3 (Rough Guide Phrasebooks)
Rough Guides Manufacturer: Rough Guides ProductGroup: Book Binding: Paperback Similar Items:
ASIN: 1843536226 |
Book Description
Take along the Rough Guide Thai Phrasebook and make some new foreign friends while on your trip. This thoroughly revised third edition has both A-Z English- Thai and A-Z Thai translations Â- perfect for quick word reference. Practice your pronunciation with the 16-pages of additional scenario material; available as downloadable audio files, the scenarios have been recorded by native Thai speakers and are compatible to either your computer or iPod. The guide includes a detailed grammar section and a helpful menu and drinks list reader Â- ideal when sampling the local cuisine. With this pocket-sized phrasebook in your backpack you are sure to have a good trip Â- têe-o hâi sa-nòok ná!
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Thai Phrasebook: A Rough Phrasebook (Phrase Book, Rough Guide)
Lexus Manufacturer: Rough Guides ProductGroup: Book Binding: Paperback Similar Items:
ASIN: 1858281776 |
Customer Reviews:
Power in your pocket.......2001-09-18
Start Speaking Thai When You Get There.......2000-08-20
Best Thai language pocket/reference book plus great price.......1998-11-06
Geart!.......1998-10-14
Now, the best part of the book is the intro (before the dictionary begins) to Thai language. It gives all the basic rules (summed up nicer than many Thai language books!) Rules for different kinds of questions and everything. Even a section on profanity (so you'll know when people are upset:) ANd all examples give thai script, roman-thai (including tone marks), and english.
I highly recommend this book to anyone even remotely interesed in the Thai Languages. Besides, it's got a GREAT price :)
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Creating a New Old House: Yesterday's Character for Today's Home (American Institute Architects)
Russell Versaci Manufacturer: Taunton ProductGroup: Book Binding: Hardcover Similar Items:
ASIN: 1561586153 Release Date: 2003-11-15 |
Book Description
Anyone who yearns for an older home - but is daunted by the prospect of owning one will love this book. Through hundreds of inspiring photographs and engaging text, the author describes what gives traditional homes their enduring appeal. Versaci identifies Eight Pillars of Traditional Design that create a solid foundation for combining authentic, traditional design with livability to create homes that feel old yet live new. Featuring a vast array of new, old-house styles from colonials to farmhouses from all over the country, the houses illustrate the creative work of architects, builders, and craftsmen who are forging the movement toward building new homes that capture an old-home sensibility.Customer Reviews:
back in time.......2007-07-14
Pulled into the Pages.......2007-04-12
Nice but not what I expected........2007-03-23
Old fashioned style and house plans.......2007-02-18
Creating a New Old House-Traditional Architect Review.......2007-01-03
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Creating a New Old House: Yesterday's Character for Today's Home
Russell; Kvalsvik, Erik Versaci Manufacturer: Taunton Press ProductGroup: Book Binding: Hardcover ASIN: B000KWDV5O |
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