The Political Economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives

Book Description

Using formerly secret Soviet state and Communist Party archives to describe the Soviet administrative command system, this study concludes that the system failed not because of Stalin and later leaders, but because of the economic system. It pinpoints the reasons for failure such as poor planning, unreliable supplies, preferential treatment of indigenous enterprises as well as the basic principal-agent conflict between planners and producers, which created a sixty-year reform stalemate. Although the command system was the most significant human experiment of the twentieth century, its basic contradictions and inherent flaws would re-surface if it were to be repeated.

Customer Reviews:

Landmark analysis of the Soviet system.......2006-07-15

Gregory has worked tirelessly with Russian and Western scholars to use the new information available in the archives to explore alternative hypotheses about the Soviet system's history, practice, and collapse.

Scholars on the left have argued that the Soviet system's failures were a consequence of the misfortune of certain leaders: if only Trotsky had defeated Stalin, or if only Nikolai Bukharin had been in charge, then socialist democracy and rational planning would have been realized. On the right, writers have focused on the roles that Pope John Paul II and Ronald Reagan played in loosening the socialist stranglehold in the Soviet Union and throughout the East Bloc. Academics in the middle have often entertained the hypothesis that the social collapse sprang from a technology gap that finally reached crisis dimensions in the 1980s.

Whatever merits these alternative hypotheses might have, they must yield to the more fundamental hypotheses that rational economic planning is impossible under a system of collective ownership of the means of production and that the organizational structure of the administrative command system has its own logic and consequences that are detrimental to justice and individual freedom.

Rather than describing a workable system that might have operated efficiently if only the workers and managers had tried harder and stayed on task, the archives reveal individuals striving to cope and to better themselves within an inherently unworkable system. Rent-seeking political actors, shirking workers, opportunistic managers--such was the reality of Homo sovieticus.

Gregory deserves credit as the first economic historian of the Soviet system with both the analytical tools and the access to the archives required to expose this reality and to present it clearly to readers in economics, history, and political science.

The Political Economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives.(Book review): An article from: Independent Review

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The Political Economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives.(Book review): An article from: Independent Review
Peter Boettke
Manufacturer: Thomson Gale
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

General | Politics | Nonfiction | Subjects | Books

Book Description

This digital document is an article from Independent Review, published by Thomson Gale on March 22, 2006. The length of the article is 1162 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: The Political Economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives.(Book review)
Author: Peter Boettke
Publication: Independent Review (Magazine/Journal)
Date: March 22, 2006
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Volume: 10 Issue: 4 Page: 622(3)

Article Type: Book review

Distributed by Thomson Gale

Book Description

This important work provides the reader with a comprehensive understanding of the fundamentals of human-computer interface design methodologies. The definitive manual on human-centered technologies, utilizing both past and current research of cognitive psychologists, behaviorists, and human factors engineers to provide a thorough knowledge of this cross disciplinary domain.

What sets this book apart from the rest is that it includes real experiments conducted by the author not imaginary case studies.

Customer Reviews:

BUY THIS BOOK.......2005-05-12

The author is breaking new grounds in the field of human machine interaction as it applies to the cognitive implications of business in the design of ecommerce. Ecommerce requires that the designers incorporate gender as a variable when dealing with a particular audience.

Very Misleading.......2002-01-08

This book has a terribly misleading title. From the synopsis and the title I assumed that it was a book that dealt with cogitative properties of the brain and how it organized data and understood information. On top of that I thought that it would have something to do with E-Commerce, like how to take advantage of the way the brain works to make a more useful E-Commerce site. However the only place i could find E-commerce discussed was in the title of the book.
SKIP THIS BOOK!!!

Book Description

If you're thinking of joining the thousands of English-speaking teachers in Korea, this is the book for you. Samantha Amara guides you through the maze of contract and cultural issues that confront the first time teacher. She offers a checklist of things to ask for and to avoid. And she gives you realistic expectations of life halfway around the world.

Customer Reviews:

Worthless.......2005-12-29

Korea has the worst reputation in terms of teaching jobs. Look up "Korean school blacklist" on Google and see the State Department's travel advisory on Korea - gives a lot more useful info than this piece of fluff.

Not quite four stars, but a few jewels may make it worth more than three........2005-12-13

When this arrived, I couldn't believe it qualified as a book, so I checked out the product pages. Yup, there it was--50 pages. IMHO, that's a fat pamphlet, and at $7.95, somewhat overpriced.

Nonetheless this book contains some practical knowledge. For example, a list of things that aren't readily available, and therefore worth taking; other items that are available, but a lot more expensive. But most important, though no one expects to need it, she includes a list on phone numbers. You can find numbers for embassies easily enough elsewhere, but the true gem is an assortment of phone numbers for Korean government agencies that deal with foreign English language teachers.

So, okay, maybe a lot of the rest of this book could have been found on the internet. Here it's gathered in one place.

Overall, it's worth at least a read at the library even if you have to request an interlibrary loan, if it's not in the bookstore--because it's so short, it won't take long! And if you're short on cash, copy out those phone numbers for the Korean agencies involved with foreign language teachers.

Another book to consider: Korea Calling: The essential handbook for teaching English and living in South Korea. At 173 pages, it has more than triple the coverage of what are mostly the same topics. At $14.95, that's the better value--except for thost phone numbers...

M Jo hates Korea, not the book.......2005-07-23

I thought Korea was great, and enjoyed my year there. I was surprised to see the review, and then checked out other Korea books and the same person said the same things about Korea. I doubt M Jo read the book.

Still good advice.......2005-06-17

I just bought this book for a job in Kwangju and have already used it. It's made life in my new home comfortable just knowing a few things about what to expect. Recommended!

Not bad but very short........2004-11-14

This book is only 50 pages and it was written years ago. It's not a very helpful guide. I have been living and teaching in Korea for the past 4 years, so I know what I'm talking about. Just do a web search for Korea blogs or Korea teaching memoir and get all the information you need.

Amazon.com

Organize Your Finances with Quicken Deluxe 99 in a Weekend divides the task of using Quicken Deluxe 99 into seven three-hour lessons that are easy to follow. The book can be completed in a weekend, which is how it is designed to be used, or it can be stretched out over a longer period of time--it depends on how quickly you need to get your accounts and investments in shape.

You spend the first lesson familiarizing yourself with the Quicken environment and learning how to set up your checkbook. After a good night's sleep, lesson 2 picks up on Saturday morning with basics on how to automate your account, such as writing computer checks and recording all your assets. Saturday afternoon's lesson shows you how to get online with Internet Explorer 4 and perform many transactions from your computer, such as paying bills and credit-card balances and checking bank statements. The evening is devoted to learning how to track investments and retirement accounts with Quicken.

Sunday's lessons become more detailed. First, you learn how to view and print reports and graphs for your household budget, investments, tax summary, net worth, and more. The next two chapters show you how Quicken will make it easier to manage your taxes, consolidate debt, and perform financial planning. Notes and tips scattered throughout the instructions suggest timesaving shortcuts, and "cautions" let you know when the potential to make errors within your accounts exists. --Cristina Vaamonde

Book Description

Organize Your Finances with Quicken 99 In a Weekend provides you with the know-how to run Quicken 99 and imparts basic financial organization skills. With step-by-step guidance, you will use Quicken to keep track of bank accounts, credit cards, loans, and personal assets; to do online banking; monitor investments; create and use a budget; project income taxes; and plan financially for the future. This book also contains samples and locations of numerous financial Web sites. Organize Your Finances with Quicken 99 In a Weekend gives you sound financial organization skills that will last a lifetime.

Book Description

Winner of the American Marketing Association Berry Prize for The Best Book in Marketing.

One of the top 10 business books of 2001, Harvard Business Review.

"Engaging stories, empirical analysis, and intelligent commentary make this an impressive book."--excerpt from book review in Harvard Business Review, September 2001

"Engaging stories, empirical analysis, and intelligent commentary make this an impressive book."--Harvard Business Review

Everybody knows that it's the market pioneers who have the best name recognition, the highest market share, and the most enduring market leadership....right? In order to test the truth of the perceived wisdom on being first to market, Gerard Tellis and Peter Golder carried out an in-depth historical analysis of various markets, as they evolved, over the past decade.

Among other things, they found that, not only does being first not guarantee anything, but that the current trend of staking everything on getting there first all too often leads companies to embrace a disastrous strategy of rushing to market with incomplete, inferior, and flawed products. With the help of numerous fascinating case histories chronicling the success and failures at industry giants, including Xerox, Gillette, Microsoft, Matsushita, and Intel, Tellis and Golder explore the ways in which being first to market is often more a curse than a blessing. They isolate the 5 key principles that ensure enduring market leadership--vision of the mass market, managerial persistence, relentless innovation, financial commitment, and asset leverage.

Customer Reviews:

Simply one of the best ever.......2004-06-25

Of all the business books I've read, and I have read a great deal more than most for my job, this is simply one of the best. It is well researched, yet also well written. Its lively, yet detailed, historical analysis brings out the lessons of business that are usually lost to time. This book has more intelligent things to say about the true sources of business success than ten of the best sellers combined, and is just as fun to read as any of them.

POWERFUL THEORY, WELL PROVEN CASE.......2003-03-20

In Will and Vision, the authors refute the theory that first-movers have an overwhelming advantage, and replace it with the idea that seven factors, that can be summarized as will and vision (hence the title of the book) are instead the factors that permit companies to dominate markets.

First, the author performed an in depth empirical study that included 43 different industries at different times in order to show that the original entrants in many markets were not in fact the current leaders. Instead, the authors offer the following seven factors as the main ones in determining whether firms became leaders in their markets:

* Envisioning the Mass Market - Examples include P&G with Pampers disposable diapers for everyone instead of for travelers only and Kodak with photographs for the non-professional.
* Uniqueness of Vision - Examples include Tim Berners-Lee and the development of the WorldWideWeb and King Gillette's view of the razor market.
* Persisting Against All Odds - Examples include Bill Gates' persistence that landed him the operating system contract with IBM and Haloid's persistence over a decade that created Xerox.
* The Need for Relentless Innovation - Examples include Moore and Noyce leaving Fairchild Semiconductor to found Intel and the relentless pace of innovation there, and Gillette's close brush for lack of innovation in the 1960s and its ensuing fast pace since.
* Organizing for Innovation - Examples include HP's organization beating Xerox and IBM at the laser printer market, and Netscape beating Mosaic by taking talent and rewarding it.
* Raising and Committing Financial Resources - Examples include Fred Smith's almost bankruptcy to keep FedEx alive and Amazon sacrificing profits for a long period in order to achieve its envisioned mass market level of service.
* Leveraging Assets Despite Uncertainty - Examples include IBM losing the PC battle because it did not want to hurt its mainframe sales, and Charles Schwab's leadership in web trading after it chose to focus on it and sacrifice off line higher margins.

Overall, I found it a very good entertaining book, with anecdotes that help support the ideas the authors suggest. I strongly recommend it.

Early birds beware.......2002-05-22

This book comes out with a hypothesis challenging conventional thinking which assumes that pioneers dominate markets. Collecting and analyzing historical data from over 66 industry segments the conclusions by the authors is baffling. This is not a case where statistics is used conveniently to support untested theories using available tools to prove a point. The approach to understanding market dominance and the role of pioneers and followers is path breaking. Contrary to common belief, data shows that in many cases the pioneers have as little as 9 % market share. The ingredients for success are therefore not being there first, but doing the right things.

Five factors that emerge as key to ensuring long term success and market dominance are Vision, Persistence, Financial Commitment, Innovation and Asset leverage- factors that are structurally related in a causal chain starting with a clear vision for a mass market. There are innumerable examples and detailed cases where the inability to see a mass market for innovative products has resulted in late comers grabbing the market from incumbents. Fear of cannibalization of existing products, bureaucracy, complacency, are some other causes that stifle growth.

After explaining the hypothesis, a good and crisp summary of the conclusions from the historical data, every chapter proceeds sequentially to substantiate the findings. This is a rare combination of business history, statistical analysis and strategy. It is this unique combination and the unconventional wisdom that is bound to make this book a classic in its own right. The range of products covered varies from diapers to couriers and computers. IBM, Microsoft, Fed Ex, Xerox, Gillette are some companies that are discussed in detail.

Comparing it with other books on similar research, my prescription for business would be:

Innovators Dilemma + Will and Vision + Built to Last + Good to Great = Road to Market dominance.

Highly recommended.

Debunking the First Mover Advantage Myth.......2002-02-23

Gerard J. Tellis and Peter N. Golder methodically and empirically demonstrate that pioneers are rarely rewarded for their efforts at the end of the day. The confusion between pioneers and current market leaders lies in the exclusion of failures (survival bias), tendency for managers to refer to their own firm as the pioneer (social desirability or self-reports bias), and self-serving market definitions (self-serving bias). For example, the Gillette Company is the oldest surviving firm in the disposable razor market. However, the Gillette Company was not the firm that first commercialized the razor. Similarly, Intel was not the firm that first brought the microprocessor or CPU to the market, even it has been perceived as the pioneer in that industry.

Tellis and Golder brilliantly build on over a decade of in-depth research to show that vision, persistence, relentless innovation, financial commitment, and asset leverage are the real factors that drive the superior performance of enduring leaders like the Gillette Company and Intel.

1. In their examination of "Vision", Tellis and Golder take their distance from the traditional definition of that much abused business term. Often, vision is indeed synonymous with broad mission statements used to excite and inspire stakeholders of an organization. In Counter-intuitive Marketing, Kevin J. Clancy and Peter C. Krieg concurred that most companies do not have much of a vision (See especially pg. 74 - 86). Vision has two key components according to Tellis and Golder: 1. A focus on the often-decried mass market with its dynamic and evolving needs and 2. A unique perspective of serving that mass market. For example, in contrast to its top competitors, AOL has stressed from the beginning convenience, ease to use, community, and ubiquity. Similarly, McDonald's has stressed from the onset quality, service, cleanliness, and value to build a worldwide network of mainly franchisees for bringing fast food to the masses. In Product Strategy for High Technology Companies, Michael E. McGrath gives a good complement to Tellis and Golder's definition of vision by explaining it as an answer to three key questions: 1.Where does a firm want to go? 2. How will the firm get there? And most critical 3. Why will the firm be successful? (See especially pg. 12, 306, and 317).

2. In their analysis of "Persistence", Tellis and Golder debunk the myth that enduring market leaders usually achieve their success through luck or sudden breakthroughs. In fact, visionaries have the will to persist in their efforts through seemingly insurmountable obstacles, slow progress, and long time efforts. The origin, early struggles, and ultimate success of Federal Express showed how important the vision and persistence of Fred Smith, its founder, made the difference at the end of the day. Similarly, the ultimate success of xerography after 13 years of research was due to the unwavering faith of former Xerox (Haloid)'s CEO, Joseph Watson in the underlying technology.

3. In their approach to "Relentless Innovation", Tellis and Golder remind their audience about the importance of firms not resting on their laurels. Technology and consumer tastes constantly change. Tellis and Golder rightly identify complacency with past successes, bureaucracy, managerial occupation with current customers and competitors, and fear of cannibalizing existing products as the four enemies of the relentless pursuit of innovation. For example, the earlier history of the Gillette Company clearly indicated that its success led to complacency and arrogance detrimental to its market leadership several times. Quoting Andy Grove, one of the founders of Intel, "Only the paranoid survives." In Product Strategy for High Technology Companies, Michael E. McGrath gives a good complement to Tellis and Golder's examination of both time-based and cannibalization strategies (See especially pg. 219 - 234 and 257 - 271).

4. In their study of "Financial Commitment", Tellis and Golder demonstrate that visionaries show persistence in their ability and willingness to raise and commit financial resources whatever the obstacles in their way. For example, Federal Express was on the brink of bankruptcy for years before it finally took off. Similarly, King C. Gillette, one of the co-founders of the Gillette Company, struggled not only to launch the eponymous company but also to raise the capital necessary to commercialize his disposable razor for years.

5. In their dissection of "Asset Leverage", Tellis and Golder look at how generalized and specialized assets can be mobilized for dominating a product category. Tellis and Golder rightly identify the extent to which the new product category does or appears to threaten the old product category, a strict focus on costs, myopic view of markets, and bureaucracy as the four major hindrances to leveraging assets. Xerox squandered more than one opportunity to leverage its assets to adopt and commercialize the revolutionary discoveries of its Palo Alto Research Center for years. In contrast, Microsoft showed sacrificing several products in development as the way to catch up with the competition after it had initially misjudged the potential of the Internet revolution.

Tellis and Golder also remind their audience that the relative importance of the five factors mentioned above varies by firm and market characteristics: new firms, established firms competing in established markets, and established firms entering new, yet unrelated markets (See pg. 265 and 266).

To summarize, Will and Vision by Gerard J. Tellis and Peter N. Golder is like The Innovator's Dilemma by Clayton M. Christensen a major contribution to a better understanding of how markets really work.

Absolutely fascinating: One of the finest works on business.......2001-11-30

Few business principles engender as much faith among people as the principle of the pioneer's advantage. For example, Ries and Trout, in their book on the 22 Immutable Laws of Marketing, boldly state the "first immutable law of marketing" to be "It's better to be first, than it is to be better." Brand recognition, brand loyalty, consumer inertia, network effects, experience effects, access to distribution channels - these are all reasons for why the first movers in a market could have an advantage over others in the quest for market domination. Consultants, academics, and managers note the many examples of pioneers who appear to have done very well in their markets. Look, they say, at Gillette (in safety razors), Hewlett-Packard (laser printers), Microsoft (PC operating systems), and Amazon.com (online bookselling). All of these cases appear to prove the pioneer's advantage.

Tellis and Golder argue quite convincingly that these examples prove exactly the opposite: pioneers are much more likely to be cursed to failure than blessed with long term success! The authors show that the real pioneers in the markets listed above are not the current market leaders. Gillette entered the safety razor market in 1903, but a company called Star, they find, had already introduced a safety razor in 1876. H-P entered the laser printer market in 1984, but IBM had one on the market in 1975. Microsoft introduced MS-DOS in 1981, but Digital Research had introduced its CP/M operating system back in 1975. Amazon.com entered the online bookselling business in 1995, but Clbooks.com/books.com was selling books online in 1993. Most of these pioneers are forgotten now - many are long dead. Yet the myth of the pioneer's advantage lives on.

Using new and detailed historical research, Tellis and Golder systematically debunk the myth of the pioneer's advantage. The book refutes much conventional wisdom, and wonderfully weaves together hard data and vivid business stories to argue its thesis. Tellis and Golder are two of the world's leading experts on market entry and long term success. Their prior research has had a major impact on the academic business community. Yet if current and recent business practice is any indicator, few managers seem to be aware of the lessons that emerge from this remarkable stream of research. One only needs to think back at the Internet gold-rush to see this point.

The bulk of the book is on the question: If pioneering does not explain market dominance, then what does? Again, Tellis and Golder bring fresh, unorthodox insights to this question. They organize the answer to this question along two dimensions: Vision and Will. Their arguments force one to rethink several common precepts. For example, they challenge the very notion "vision" as it's currently understood. Similarly, they point out that dominance is often seen as a function of luck, or being at the right place at the right time. In fact dominance is more a function of small, incremental innovations in design, manufacturing, and marketing over many years. Indeed, it took Procter and Gamble (a latecomer) 10 years of persistent planning and research to find success in the lowly disposable diaper market.

Overall, the book is provocative and compelling, meticulously researched and highly practical. The case studies alone are worth the price of the book. But the novelty and persuasiveness of the insights make it one of the finest works on business strategy.

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Will and Vision: How Latecomers Grow to Dominate Markets
Gerard J. Tellis
Manufacturer: Figueroa Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: 1932800255

Product Description

In the fall of 1990, we began a decade-long investigation into the causes of market dominance, paying special attention to the impact of entry timing on long-term leadership. In particular, we sought a deeper understanding of the importance of pioneering or first-mover advantages. Also we wanted to understand if it was even possible for late entrants to succeed, and, if so, how exactly they could do it. What we've discovered over the last 10 years has surprised and amazed us. Some of our initial findings have been published in academic journals and have already begun to be cited in textbooks and some media reports. However, the majority of media reports about pioneers and later entrants make claims that are diametrically opposed to what we have discovered. We began our study with in-depth research in a limited number of markets. Over the years, we continually increased the number of markets, until now our findings and conclusions are based on in-depth research in 66 different markets and several hundred firms in these markets. We examined each firm's actions over many years and found the impact of these actions on each firm's performance. Now, for the first time we have compiled in this book all of our research on market dominance and long-term leadership. We include the preliminary results from our earlier academic papers as well as the results of our work on this topic over the past 6 years. Our recent work has focused primarily on expanding our investigation to a broader set of markets, including those in digital and high-technology markets. In the end, we have a high degree of confidence in our findings because our fundamental findings and conclusions have remained the same whether we consider markets like photographic film, which started in the nineteenth century, or those like online stock trading, which began just recently. We strongly believe that an understanding of these enduring business principles is vital reading for CEOs, entrepreneurs, financial analysts, business school students, and aspiring managers everywhere. In addition, we have been pleased that much broader audiences have enjoyed learning about the long-forgotten details and surprising twists and turns of the business histories we document. After all, these stories of enduring success are used to illustrate important business principles, but they are also the stories of business heroes who overcame great challenges to achieve great success.

Book Description

The global economic system is failing. Third world nations are saddled with debts they cannot pay thus threatening the world banking system. Europe is suffering from an overvalued dollar and the U.S. is fast becoming the largest debtor nation in the world. The World Economy Since The War studies global economics since 1945 from a world systems perspective. The author integrates specific research on particular aspects of the world economy into a unified, coherent discussion, demonstrating the ways in which these seemingly disparate aspects are in fact related. Brett's work points out that the global economic system is in need of major restructuring. In his carefully considered and theoretically informed work, he suggests a democratically controlled global oriented international planning mechanism to rationally and equitably distribute resources.

Book Description

The economic crisis of 1997 called East Asia's economic miracle into question and generated widespread criticism of the regions developmental models. However, the crisis did little to alter the growing economic integration of the region which is being forged through American, Japanese and Chinese firms who have created cross-border production networks - led by multinational corporations which span the entire value-chain in a number of industries. This book addresses the changing nature of high-tech industries in Asia, particularly in the electronics sector, where these networks are increasingly designed to foster and to exploit the regions highly heterogenous technology, skills and know-how.

International Production Networks in Asia: Rivalry or Riches?(Book Review): An article from: ASEAN Economic Bulletin

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International Production Networks in Asia: Rivalry or Riches?(Book Review): An article from: ASEAN Economic Bulletin
Nick J. Freeman
Manufacturer: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS)
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital
ASIN: B0008FIW1Q
Release Date: 2005-07-30

Book Description

This digital document is an article from ASEAN Economic Bulletin, published by Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) on August 1, 2002. The length of the article is 1150 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: International Production Networks in Asia: Rivalry or Riches?(Book Review)
Author: Nick J. Freeman
Publication: ASEAN Economic Bulletin (Refereed)
Date: August 1, 2002
Publisher: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS)
Volume: 19 Issue: 2 Page: 223(2)

Article Type: Book Review

Distributed by Thomson Gale

Book Description

This yearbook contains basic information on export-import, investment and business opportunities in the respected country. Provides information on government structure, economy, business climate, regulations, and more... Includes basic statistics, information on the most important business contacts and business travel. Updated annually.

Yemen Business and Investment Opportunities Yearbook (Russian Regional Investment and Business Library)

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Yemen Business and Investment Opportunities Yearbook (Russian Regional Investment and Business Library)

Manufacturer: Intl Business Pubns USA
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

Exports & Imports | Economics | Business & Investing | Subjects | Books

General | Business & Investing | Subjects | Books

General | Investing | Business & Investing | Subjects | Books
ASIN: 0739777734

Yemen Investment & Business Opportunities Yearbook (World Investment & Business Opportunities Library)

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Yemen Investment & Business Opportunities Yearbook (World Investment & Business Opportunities Library)
USA International Business Publications
Manufacturer: International Business Publications, USA
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: 0739713884

Book Description

This yearbook contains information on investment business opportunities, international economic projects, tenders, government projects, marketing and export-import opportunities information.

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